Hello, everyone. Welcome to the bestmytest TOEFL independent writing video series.
大家好。欢迎来到 bestmytest 托福独立写作视频系列。
In today"s video, you"ll learn how to write the body paragraph. In the body paragraph, you"ll explain the reasons and ideas to support your essays thesis statement.
在今天的视频里，你将会学习如何写正文段落。在正文段落中，你要解释支持文章论点的原因和想法。
A TOEFL essay normally has three body paragraphs. Each body paragraph gives the reader a detailed explanation, that one main idea.
托福的文章通常有三个正文段落。每个正文段落都为读者提供了一个详细的解释，一个主要的想法。
This idea helps to show or convince the reader that your idea is true or correct. In addition, each paragraph must flow from one to the next.
这个想法有助于向读者展示或说服读者你的想法是正确的。另外，每个段落必须要能过渡到下一段。
This is called coherence and is done using transitions. Transitioning between paragraphs can be done at the start of the new paragraph.
这叫做连贯性，而做到这一点需要过渡词。段落之间的过渡可以在新段落的开头完成。
So what does a body paragraph usually include? It includes a transition statement, topic sentence, and supporting sentences.
所以正文段落通常包括什么呢？它包括过渡句，主题句和支持句。
Using more complex transitions will help you get a perfect writing score, but it is not necessary to do well. For example, your body paragraphs can use simple transitions like, body paragraph 1: first of all, firstly, or to begin with.
使用更复杂的过渡词能帮助你获得完美的写作分数，但没有必要做得很好。例如，你的正文段落可以使用简单的过渡词，例如正文第一段：first of all，firstly，或 to begin with。
Body paragraph 2: in addition to, secondly, or furthermore. Body paragraph 3: finally, thirdly, or lastly.
正文第二段：in addition to，secondly，或 furthermore。正文第三段：finally，thirdly，或 lastly。
We"ll look at a few high-scoring essays that use both complex and simple transitions later on in this video. After the transition comes the topic sentence.
我们会在本视频稍后的部分看一篇使用了复杂和简单的过渡词的高分作文。过渡词之后就是主题句。
The topic sentence will summarize the body paragraphs purpose. It"s meant to tell the reader what the main idea of the paragraph is about.
主题句要总结正文段落的目的。它是要告诉读者这段的主要思想是什么。
Finally, you"ll need to write the supporting sentences. These supporting sentences are used to explain in detail the main idea.
最后，你需要写一些支持句。这些支持句被用来详细解释主要思想。
The supporting sentences need to fully explain the topic sentence using anything to help the reader understand. You can use things like reasons, examples, or even personal experiences.
支持句需要使用任何能够帮助读者理解的内容来充分解释主题句。你可以使用诸如原因，示例，甚至是个人经历这样的内容。
Since there should be more than one supporting sentence in each body paragraph, remember to use transitions to connect your ideas between supporting sentences. I encourage you to look at our video how to connect ideas in your TOEFL independent essay for more information on all types of connections and how to use transition words to connect ideas later.
因为每个正文段落中应该有不止一个支持句，所以请记得在各支持句之间使用过渡词来连接你的想法。我鼓励你之后观看我们关于如何在托福独立作文中连接想法的视频来了解更多关于各种类型的连接以及如何使用过渡词来连接想法的信息。
Later in this video, we"ll look at example body paragraphs and see how transitions are used to help make the ideas flow coherently. Okay, that"s pretty much for the structure of a body paragraph, but we"re not quite done yet.
在这个视频的后面，我们将看一些范例正文段落，并学习过渡词如何被用来让想法连贯。好的，我们已经讲了很多关于正文段落的结构了，但是我们还没有讲完。
Now I want to teach you about how to write a good body paragraph. What you"ve just learned were the basics.
现在我想教你如何写出好的正文段落。你刚刚学习了基础知识。
But to get a high score, you"ll need to write more than the basics. There are three things you need to do to get a high score: write a good topic sentence, use transitions to organize your supporting sentences with logical connections, and show variety in sentence structure and grammar as well as a wide range of the appropriate vocabulary.
但是要获得高分，你不能只写基础内容。你还需要做三件事才能获得高分：写一个好的话题句，使用过渡词来组织你的支持句，使其有逻辑联系，以及在句子结构、语法上显示出多样性语法并使用各种合适的词汇。
We"ll show you how to achieve that with examples. Now let"s first talk about how to write a good topic sentence.
我们将通过范文向你展示如何达到这些要求。现在我们先来谈谈如何写一个好的话题句。
There are a number of things you should keep in mind when you write the topic sentence. Make sure your topic sentence is concise.
在写主题句时，你需要记住一些事情。确保你的主题句简洁明了。
In other words, don"t cover too many details. And make sure it"s not too broad or too narrow.
换句话说，不要涵盖太多细节。还要确保其内容不要太宽泛或太狭窄。
Make sure your topic sentence gets right to the point. Don"t beat around the bush.
确保你的主题句直击要点。不要拐弯抹角。
When there is too much surrounding the topic sentence, the reader might interpret the main idea incorrectly, which could lead to confusion later on. Also, avoid the following when writing the topic sentence.
如果主题句周围有太多内容，读者可能会错误地理解主要思想，这可能会导致以后的理解混乱。在写主题句时还要注意避免以下内容。
Avoid using facts. Don"t use facts as topic sentences.
避免使用事实。不要将事实用作主题句。
Remember, you"re using the topic sentence to introduce a point or opinion you"re trying to make. Facts are better used in your supporting ideas to help convince the reader of your point.
记住，你要用主题句来引入你要表达的观点。事实应该用在支持句中来让读者相信你的观点。
Avoid talking about the what. Don"t just talk about the what, talk about the why as well, that is, don"t just think about the effect, but it"s cause.
避免谈论事物本身。不要只谈事物本身，还要谈论为什么，也就是说不要只想结果，还要想它的原因。
Avoid telling the reader that you"re going to tell them something. For example, don"t say I"m going to tell you, or I"m going to speak about when introducing a topic.
避免告诉读者你要告诉他们一些事情。例如，在导入话题的时候不要说我要告诉你，或者我要说什么。
The reader already knows that you"re the writer. It"s irrelevant to say this.
读者已经知道你是作者了。说这个无关紧要。
Let"s look at some examples of bad topic sentences. Driving is stressful.
我们看一些不好的话题句的例子。开车让人压力很大。
Four out of ten drivers use cell phones while driving. Why are they bad?
十分之四的司机在开车时使用手机。它们为什么不好。
Well, the first one, driving is stressful is too broad. A good topic sentence should be: driving on the highway in heavy traffic is stressful for many motorists.
第一句，开车让人压力很大，这太宽泛了。好的主题句应该是这样：在繁忙的高速公路上开车对于许多司机来说压力很大。
We"ve narrowed down the topic to be about a specific situation while driving. This will help the reader understand your essay much better.
我们将话题范围缩小为一个特定的驾驶情况。这将帮助读者更好地理解你的文章。
The second one, four out of ten drivers use cell phones while driving is using a fact and only talks about the what. It does not give the reader enough information to understand what the essay is about and what opinion you have about this fact.
第二句话，十分之四的司机在开车时使用手机是一个事实，它只谈论了事情。它没有给读者足够的信息来理解文章的内容以及你对这个事实有何看法。
A good topic sentence would be: using a cell phone while driving should be banned because it causes a lot of car accidents. You should immediately be able to see a difference in that topic sentence as it provides more detail on the topic of the essay in addition to expressing where you stand on that topic.
好的主题句应该是：在开车时用手机应该被禁止，因为它会引发很多车祸。你应该立即能够看到这个主题句的不同之处，因为它除了表达你在这个话题上的立场，还提供了有关这篇文章的话题的更多细节。
Okay, now that you"ve seen the difference between good and bad topic sentences, let"s look at even better examples of topic sentences. Suppose the thesis statement is, in order to succeed in the classroom, college students need to utilize the resources available to them throughout the academic careers.
好的，现在你已经了解了好的话题句和坏的话题句之间的区别，让我们看一下更好的主题句的例子。假设论点是，为了在学业上取得成功，大学生应该在整个学术生涯中利用可用的资源。
Here are three good topic sentences that support this thesis statement. One important resource that all college students should utilize for success is tutorial services.
以下是支持这个论点的三个好的话题句。所有大学生为了成功而应该使用的一个重要资源是教程服务。学生成功的另一个重要资源是个别指导服务。
Another important resource for student success is frequent use of the library. In addition to using tutoring services and the library, college students should consult with their advisor on a regular basis to monitor success and to make necessary changes where needed.
学生取得成功的另一个重要资源是图书馆。除了使用个别指导服务和图书馆，大学生应定期向其顾问咨询来掌控成功的进度并在需要的时候进行必要的改变。
Notice how these topic sentences help the reader understand what the essay will be written about. Well, they actually do more than that.
请注意这些主题句可以帮助读者理解文章的写作内容。好的，实际上它们的作用不仅止于此。
They also help the writer organize the main idea of the essay. If a writer creates clear topic sentences early in the writing process, they can use those to organize the essay and create unity in each of the paragraphs.
它们还帮助作者组织文章的主要思想。如果作者在早期能写出清晰的主题句，那么他们可以利用这些主题句来组织文章并让每一段都统一。
Okay, so now you have a basic understanding of how a good body paragraph should be structured. Now we"re going to look at a few examples.
好的，所以现在你对于一个好的正文段落的结构有了基本了解。现在我们要举一些例子。
Let"s say your essay topic is, some people say that advertising encourages us to buy things that we really do not need. Others say that advertisements tell us about new products that may improve our lives.
比如说你的文章话题是，有人说广告鼓励我们购买我们并不需要的东西。其他人说广告告诉我们有关可能改善我们生活的新产品的信息。
Which viewpoint do you agree with? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
你同意哪种观点？请使用具体的理由和示例来支持你的答案。
And here is your introductory paragraph. Some people believe that advertisements lure us to purchase goods that are not of necessity.
下面是你的导入段。有些人认为广告会诱使我们购买不必要的商品。
Others are of the view that advertising has a positive role to play in modern society, helping us choose between competing goods In my opinion, I strongly believe that advertising encourages consumers to buy unwanted items for three compelling reasons.
其他人则认为广告在现代社会中可以发挥积极作用，帮助我们在竞争商品之间进行选择。 在我看来，我强烈认为广告会鼓励消费者购买不需要的物品，我有三个令人信服的理由。
So as you can see, the thesis statement is, in my opinion, I strongly believe that advertising encourages consumers to buy unwanted items for three compelling reasons. Now you need to write three body paragraphs, with each paragraph providing a reason why advertising encourages consumers to buy unwanted items.
所以如你所见，论点是，在我看来，我强烈认为广告会鼓励消费者购买不需要的物品，我有三个令人信服的理由。现在你需要写三个正文段落，每个段落要提供广告鼓励的原因消费者购买不需要的物品的原因。
Do you remember how to structure a body paragraph? Remember, there are three parts.
你还记得如何构造正文段落吗？请记住，有三个部分。
Here is the basic structure of the body paragraph again: a transition statement, topic sentence, and supporting sentences. Let"s look at how we can write down steps one and two for this thesis statement.
再讲一下正文段落的结构：一个过渡句，主题句，和支持句。我们来看一下如何为这个论点从第一步写到第二步。
Before we show it to you, remember this: body paragraph one, first of all, firstly, or to begin with; body paragraph two, in addition to, secondly, or furthermore; body paragraph three, finally, thirdly, or lastly. Can you come up with your own transition and topic sentence?
在向你展示之前，请记住这一点：正文第一段，first of all，firstly，或 to begin with；正文第二段，in addition to，secondly，或 furthermore；正文第三段，finally，thirdly，或 lastly.你能想出属于自己的过渡词和主题句吗？
Go ahead and pause the video if you want to create your own before we show you our version. Okay, here it is.
如果你想在我们向你展示我们的版本之前写出你自己的版本，请暂停视频并思考。好的，文章如下。
To begin with, advertising creates unrealistic expectations about products with exaggerated and misleading claims. Finally, you need to provide supporting sentences to support your idea, remembering to transition between connecting ideas.
首先，广告用夸张和有误导性的陈述让人们对产品产生了不切实际的期望。最后，你需要提供支持句来支持你的想法，记得在想法之间进行过渡连接。
For instance, advertisements for prescription drugs create unrealistic expectations about the effectiveness of the drugs and its side effects. In these kind of advertisements, the visual images only show healthy happy people.
例如，处方药的广告会让人们对药物及其药效，以及副作用产生不切实际的期望。这些广告只会展现健康快乐的人。
It never truly shows the actual down side effects of the drugs. Similarly, beauty and health products may not live up to their promises, resulting in wasted consumer dollars.
它永远不会真正展现出药物的负面作用。类似地，美妆保健产品也许无法履行它们的承诺诺言，导致浪费消费钱。
Disclaimers are often hidden in very small print on product packaging and in out-of-the-way spots in ads. Now notice that we use similarly to connect the first and second example.
免责声明通常隐藏在产品包装上以极小的字样写就，并且出现在广告中不起眼的地方。请注意我们使用类似地来连接第一个和第二个例子。
When you want to connect two ideas and show these two ideas are similar in some way, you can use similarly, likewise, by the same token, or in the same way. Also, pay attention to the sentence, beauty and health products may not live up to their promises, resulting in wasted consumer dollars.
当你想连接两个想法并表示这两个想法在某种程度上相似时，你可以使用 similarly，likewise，by the same token，或 in the same way。同时请注意这句话，美妆保健产品也许无法履行它们的承诺诺言，导致浪费消费钱。
Here the participle phrase is used. Remember, when we talked about showing variety in sentence structures as part of writing a good body paragraph, well, here"s a perfect example using the participle phrase to achieve sentence variety.
这里使用了分词短语。请记住，当我们谈论展现句子结构的多样性作为一个好的正文段落的一部分时，嗯，这就是一个使用分词短语来达成句子多样性的例子。
Without the participle clause, the sentence is broken up into two independent sentences. Beauty and health products may not live up to their promises.
如果没有这个分词子句，那么这个句子会分成两个独立的句子。美容和健康产品可能无法履行它们的承诺。
This results in wasted consumer dollars. If you want to learn more about how to show variety in sentence structure and grammar, check out our video: how to achieve sentence variety in your essay.
这会导致消费者浪费钱。如果你想了解更多有关如何展现句子和语法的多样性的内容，请查看我们的视频：如何在文章中实现句子的多样性。
Alright, let"s look at the next body paragraph. Secondly, multinational corporations create meticulously crafted ads to entice consumers to purchase their products.
好的，我们来看下一个正文段落。第二，，跨国公司创作出精心制作的广告来吸引消费者购买他们的产品。
For instance, fast-food chain McDonald"s advertising artifacts tries to lure children with toys and play rooms in order to sell kids meals. Moreover, vigorous advertising campaigns are promoted across a plethora of channels, such as TV, billboards, online and so on, to grab consumer attention to purchase goods that may be of no need to them.
例如快餐连锁店麦当劳的广告人工制品试图用玩具和游戏室吸引儿童来销售儿童套餐。而且充满活力的广告活动通过多种渠道进行宣传，例如电视，广告牌，网络等，来吸引消费者的注意，购买他们可能不需要的商品。
Consequently, people become more materialistic as advertising compounds their desire to own more items. So in the second body paragraph, we use secondly to begin the second reason.
因此人们变得越来越物质，因为广告加深了他们拥有更多物品的欲望。所以在第二个正文段落中，我们使用了 secondly 来开始第二个理由。
Notice we use moreover to connect the first and the second idea. Using transition words like moreover, furthermore, in addition, or additionally can help you add more than one idea coherently.
请注意我们使用了“而且”来链接第一个和第二个想法。使用 moreover，furthermore，in addition，或 additionally 这样的过渡词将第一个和第二个想法联系起来可以帮助你连贯地添加不止一个想法。
Also notice at the end of the paragraph, we use consequently to show the result. You can also use other transition words like as a result, as a consequence, or therefore.
还有请注意段落的结尾，我们使用了“因此”来表示结果。你还可以使用其他过渡词，例如 as a result，as a consequence，或 therefore。
You can learn more about transition words showing cause and effect relationships from our video: how to show cause and effect relationships. Alright, we"ve seen two body paragraphs.
你可以通过我们的视频“如何表现因果关系”来学习更多展现因果关系的过渡词。好的，我们已经看了两个正文段落。
Let"s look at the third and final body paragraph. Lastly, people cannot just choose to ignore advertising because advertisers use many underhand methods to get their message across.
我们来看一下最后也是第三个正文段落。最后，人们无法选择忽略广告，因为广告商使用许多卑鄙的方法来传播他们的信息。
Posters have attention-grabbing words or provocative pictures. Furthermore, some advertisements today are even being hidden in what seemed like pieces of art or public information.
海报上有吸引眼球的文字或挑逗性的图片。而且，今天的一些广告甚至被隐藏在表面看起来像艺术品或公共信息的东西里。
As a consequence, people don"t realize they are being marketed to. By targeting people"s unconscious thoughts, adverts are a form of brainwashing that take away people"s freedom to make choices.
因此，人们没有意识到他们正在被有针对性地营销。通过以人们的潜意识作为目标，广告成为了一种洗脑形式，剥夺了人们做出选择的自由。
So just like the first and second body paragraphs, it starts with transition words lastly. It also uses furthermore to connect ideas.
所以就像第一和第二段一样，它以过渡词“最后”开始。它还是用了“而且”来连接想法。
It has the transition word, as a consequence, to show the result. In summary, to write a good body paragraph you need to write a good topic sentence, use transition words to connect ideas in a logical order, and use a variety of sentence structures.
它有过渡词“因此”来显示结果。总之，要写一个好的正文段落，你需要写一个好的话题句，使用过渡词来以逻辑顺序连接想法，并使用各种句式结构。
As I"ve mentioned earlier, I encourage you to look at our videos about how to achieve sentence variety and how to show cause and effect relationships in your essay. You can find them on our YouTube channel.
就像我之前提到的那样，我建议你观看我们关于如何在文章中实现句子的多样性以及展示因果关系的视频。你可以在我们的 YouTube 频道上找到它们。
This is the end of the lesson and we hope you"ve enjoyed this video. In our next video, we"re going to teach you how to write the conclusion paragraph.
这节课就到这里，我们希望你喜欢我们的视频。在下一个视频中，我们将教你如何写结尾段。
