【特别说明】-ing形式包括现在分词和动名词。在2003年人教版高中英语课本中，用-ing形式这个名称取代了原来的现在分词和动名词。不过，在某些语法书上，仍有使用现在分词和动名词的现象。
一、-ing形式可以作时间、条件、原因、伴随方式、结果、让步、程度等状语，如：
Having brought her father back to England, Lucy helped him to get better. (时间)
While sleeping, he suddenly heard a noise from the roof.睡觉时，他突然听到从屋顶上传来一声音。
Being ill, he has to stay at home.因为病了，他只能呆家里。（表原因）
The boy ran in, carrying a ball in his arm. 那个小男孩跑了进来，手里拿着球。(伴随方式)
He dropped the plate, breaking it into pieces.他弄掉了盘子，摔成了碎片。(结果)
注意：不定式也可做结果状语，但它表示出乎意料的结果。例如：
She hurried to the station, to find the train had left.她急忙赶到车站，却发现火车已经开了。
【典型考题】
We walked as fast as we could, ______ to catch the 9:00 train.
A．hoping B．to hope C．we hope D．being hoped
【分析】答案是A，-ing形式表示的动作是句子谓语动作的伴随动作，在本题表示目的。
二、-ing形式作状语时，其逻辑主语必须是句子的主语。如果-ing形式的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致，可将-ing形式的主语写在-ing形式前，构成独立主格结构。该主语是人称代词时用主格，是名词时名词用普通格，如：
Mother/She being ill, he had to stay home to look after her.妈妈（她）病了，他必须待在家里照顾妈妈。
It being fine, we want to go out.天气很好，我们想出去。
【典型考题】
___________those dishes, somebody knocked at the door.
A. Putting away B. Put away C. To put away D. When she put away
【分析】put away的逻辑主语并不是句子主语somebody，因此不能选A。正确答案是D。
三、句子的主语与-ing形式逻辑上有主谓关系。如果主谓关系是主动的，用主动语态；-ing动作与谓语动词同时发生用一般式doing, 如果-ing动作发生在谓语动词之前，用完成式having done, 如：
Walking along the street, I met a friend of mine.（相当于When I was walking along the street, I met a friend of mine.）
Having finished their work, they had a rest.（相当于After they had finished their work, they had a rest.）
如果主谓关系是被动的，用被动语态；-ing动作与谓语动词同时发生，用being done；如果-ing动作发生在谓语动词之前，已完成的动作，用被动语态的完成式having been done, 如：
Having been cleaned and decorated, our classroom took on a new look.（相当于After our classroom had been cleaned and decorated, our classroom took on a new look.）
注意：
1、作时间状语时，having been＋过去分词与过去分词（其意义相当于一个时间状语）可以通用。例如：
Having been discussed many times， the problem was settled at last.(=Discussed many times，the problem was settled at last.)经过多次讨论，这个问题最后终于得到解决。
2．作原因状语时， being ＋过去分词与过去分词可以通用。例如：
Being done in a hurry，his paper was full of mistakes.(=Done in a hurry，his paper was full of mistakes.)由于是匆忙完成的，他的试卷满是错误。
【典型考题】
___________ further instructions from the editor，the reporter didn"t know what to do．
A．Not having received B．Receiving not
C．Not receiving D．Having not received
【分析】前一动作发生在先，可排除B和D，-ing形式的否定式是在-ing形式前直接加not，答案为A。
四、-ing形式一般式与完成式作状语的区别
-ing形式一般式表示动作与谓语动作同时或几乎同时发生；-ing形式完成式表示动作发生在谓语动作之前。如：
1. As early as 1647 Ohio made a decision that free，tax-supported schools must be established in every town ___________50 households or more．
A．having B．to have had C．to have D．having had
根据句意，早在1647年，俄亥俄州就作出决定：必须在每一个拥有50户以上的镇上建立一所免税的由税务承担的学校。空缺处所需填的词表“具有”，故选A。
2. ___________ such heavy pollution already，it may now be too late to clean up the river．
A．Having suffered B．Suffering C．To suffer D．Suffered
根据already以及先后关系选A表原因，分词动作发生在主句动作之前。
五、分词的否定式是在分词前加not。
注意-ing形式一般式的否定式一般只表原因、结果等，与主句动词没有先后关系，而-ing形式完成式的否定式显然与主句动词有先后关系。如：
1. ___________ how to find the way, he decided to call a taxi．
A．Not knowing B．Knowing not C．Not having known D．Having not known
1.根据-ing形式否定式构成方法可先排除B和D，然后根据两个动作同时发生进一步排除C，所以本题答案为A。
六、有些常见的固定形式的分词短语的主语并非句子里的主语，但由于沿用已久，早已成为常见的惯用语。
这类分词短语常用来修饰整个句子，表示说话人对说话内容所持的态度或作出的评论。有些分词因为其语义和用法与介词或连接词极为相似，很多词典实际上已把它们列为介词和连接词了。常见的有granting，including，regarding，seeing，supposing等。例如：
Considering that he has been in China for only a year，he speaks Chinese well．
Broadly speaking，dogs are more faithful to man than cats．
Generally speaking，men can run faster than women．
Strictly speaking，it"s not allowed，but we won"t prevent it．
Talking of airplanes，how many do we have in our country？
There were twelve of us，including me and Tom．
Supposing(＝If) you fell in love with your boss，what would you do？
【典型考题】
_________ from his expression，he"s in a bad mood．
A. Judged B. To judge C. Having judged D. Judging
【分析】judging from…是固定的惯用语，意为“从（由，据）……判断”。答案是D。
【巩固练习】
1. Realizing that he hadn"t enough money and ____ to borrow from his father, he decided to sell his watch.
A. not wanted B. no to want C. not wanting D. wanting not
2. _________, I went to the railway station to see my friend off.
A. After eating quickly my dinner B. After my quickly eating dinner
C. After eating my dinner quickly D. After eating my quickly dinner
3. The secretary worked late into the night, ___________ a long speech for the president.
A. to prepare B. preparing C. prepared D. was preparing
4. _________ a reply, he decided to write again.
A. Not receiving B. Receiving not
C. Not having received D. Having not received
5. “Can’t you read ?” Mary said _________ to the notice.
A. angrily pointing B. and point angrily
C. angrily pointed D. and angrily pointing
6. The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks, __________ that he had enjoyed his stay here.
A. having added B. to add C. adding D. added
7. ________ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.
A. Losing B. Having lost C. Lost D. To lose
8. European football is played in 80 countries, ________ it the most popular sport in the world.
A. making B. makes C. made D. to make
9.When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door __________ “Sorry to miss you; will call later.”
A. read B. reads C. to read D. reading
10. ______ the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge of the earth.
A. Having believed B. Believing C. Believed D. Being Believed
参考答案：1.C 2.C 3.B 4.C 5.A 6.C 7.C 8.A 9.D 10.B
本文由书生小二郎原创。小二郎在省重点高中从事英语教学20余年，所带班级高考重点率在93.5%以上，多名学生考入香港大学、北京大学、清华大学、浙江大学、北京外国语大学等名校，擅长指导学生短期内快速提高英语能力和考试成绩。关注我，我们一起思考，共同成长！
