一、重点词汇
1. arrangement ["rendmnt] n. 计划；安排
I’ll make arrangements for you to be met at the airport.
我会安排人到机场接你。
2. childhood ["taldhd] n. 童年，儿童时代
She had a happy childhood.
她有一个幸福的童年。
3. emotional ["mnl] adj. 情感上的，情绪上的
Mothers are often the ones who provide emotional support for the family.
母亲通常是家庭的情感支柱。
4. excitement [k"satmnt] n. 兴奋，激动
The news caused great excitement among her friends. 这消息使她的朋友们兴奋不已。
5. as a result 作为结果
He made one big mistake, and, as a result, lost his job.
他犯了个大错，结果丢了工作。
6. photographic [ft"ɡrfk] adj. 详细准确的；照片的；摄影的
They produced a photographic record of the event.
他们把这一事件制作了一套照片实录。
7. digit ["ddt] n. (0~9的任何一个)数字
The number 57 306 contains five digits.
数字57 306是个五位数。
8. publish ["pbl] vt. & vi. 出版；发表；刊登
Pictures of the suspect were published in all the daily papers.
嫌疑人的照片刊登在各家日报上了。
9. sharp [ɑp] adj. 急剧的，猛烈的；尖的，锋利的
There has been a sharp slowdown in economic growth.
在经济增长方面一直存在急剧的减速。
10. timely ["tamli] adj. 适时的，及时的
This has been a timely reminder to us all.
对我们大家来说这个提醒非常及时。
11. cell [sel] n. 细胞
Those cells divide and give many other different types of cells.
那些细胞分裂后形成许多其他不同类型的细胞。
12. periodically [pri"dkli] adv. 定期地
Mailing lists are updated periodically.
邮寄名单定期更新。
13. take it easy 放轻松
I try to help him take it easy.
我试着帮他放松一下。
14. memorisation [memra"zein] n. 记忆
A couple of other points about memorisation are also very important for language learning.
有关记忆的另外两点意见对学语言也很重要。
15. technique [tek"nik] n. 技巧，手法
She showed her students the technique.
她向学生演示了那个技巧。
16. reflection [r"flekn] n. 沉思；想法；反射
A week off would give him time for reflection.
歇上一周会使他有时间考虑考虑。
17. reflective [r"flektv] adj. 沉思的；深思的
He is a quiet and reflective man.
他是一个文静而善于思考的男子。
18. journal ["dnl] n. 日记，日志
He kept a journal of his travels across Asia.
他把自己的亚洲之行记录下来了。
19. moreover [mr"v] adv. 此外，而且
A talented artist, he was, moreover, a writer of some note.
他是一位有才华的艺术家，同时也是颇有名气的作家。
20. surfing ["sf] n. 冲浪
Hawaii was the birthplace of surfing.
夏威夷是冲浪运动的发源地。
21. seafood ["sifud] n. 海鲜
Our chef is from the coast and loves seafood.
我们的主厨来自海边，喜欢海鲜。
22. gap [ɡp] n. (大的)差距，差额，差别
America’s trade gap widened.
美国的贸易差额加大了。
23. gender ["dend] n. 性别
Female students no longer have to worry about gender issues.
女学生不再需要担心性别问题。
24. identical [a"dentkl] adj. 完全相同的；非常相似的
The two pictures are similar, although not identical.
这两幅画很相似，虽然不完全相同。
25. comic ["kmk] adj. 滑稽的，好笑的
The play is both comic and tragic.
这部剧既滑稽又悲惨。
26. fiction ["fkn] n. 小说
I read everything from fiction to history.
我从小说到历史书什么书都读。
27. evidence ["evdns] n. 证据，证明
They’ve destroyed all the evidence.
他们销毁了一切证据。
28. expose [k"spz] vt. 使接触；使体验
A wise mother never exposes her children to the slightest possibility of danger.
一个明智的母亲从不会置其孩子于丝毫可能的危险中。
29. outcome ["atkm] n. 结果，后果
The outcome didn’t surprise me at all.
这一结果完全在我的意料之中。
二、常用表达方式
1. facts and arrangements 事实和安排
arrangement n. 计划；安排
make arrangements/an arrangement for 为……做安排
arrive at/come to an arrangement 谈妥，达成协议
If you want to succeed, you’d better make arrangements for the future.
如果你想成功，你最好为未来做好安排。
拓展：
arrange vt. & vi. 安排，筹划
arrange to do sth 安排做某事
arrange for sb to do sth 安排某人做某事
注意：arrange sb to do sth (×)
I have arranged for Tom to attend the meeting in place of me.
我已安排好让汤姆代替我参加会议。
2. We remember things that have strong connections in our mind, especially emotional
connections. 我们会记住与头脑中有较强关联的事情，特别是情感联系。
that have… 为定语从句，that在从句中作主语，因为that代替的先行词things是复数，所
以从句中谓语动词用复数。
motional adj. 情感上的；情绪上的
emotional harm 情感伤害
拓展：emotion n. 强烈的感情；情绪；激情
be overcome with emotion 激动得不能自持
a mixture of emotions 百感交集
3. This is because when we experience things for the first time, we often have strong feelings of
fear or excitement. 这是因为我们第一次经历事物时，常常会产生强烈的恐惧感或者兴奋感。
1) This is because… “这是因为……”，because引导表语从句。when引导时间状语从句，主
句是we often have strong …。
It/This/That is because… 这/那是因为…… (because后接原因)
He fell asleep during the lecture. This was because he got bored with it.
他在听讲座时睡着了。这是因为他厌倦了。
It/This/That is why… 这/那就是……的原因(why后接结果)。
The reason (why…) is that… ……的原因是……
His father was strict with him. That is why he made so many achievements.
他父亲对他很严格。这就是他为什么有这么多成就的原因。
2) for the first time 第一次
Streams had run dry for the first time in memory. 溪流在记忆中第一次干涸了。
excitement n. 兴奋，激动
to one’s excitement 令某人兴奋的是
To our excitement, the schoolboy could sing the English song so well.
令我们兴奋的是，这个男学生的英文歌唱得那么好。
in/with excitement (= excitedly) 兴奋地
excite vt. 使兴奋，使激动
excited adj. 兴奋的，激动的
exciting adj. 令人兴奋的，令人激动的
4. As a result, we remember them much better, as retelling events helps fix experiences in our
memories. 重复事件能加强我们对事件的印象，结果是我们能更好地记住这些经历。
as retelling events helps…是as引导的原因状语从句；retelling events 是动名词短语作主语，
谓语动词用单数。
as a result 作为结果(后接结果)
as a result of 作为……的结果，由于(后接原因)
She died as a result of her injuries. 她由于受伤而死亡。
result in 导致，造成(后接结果)
result from 由……引起；起因于(后接原因)
His laziness resulted in his failure; that is to say, his failure resulted from his laziness.
他的懒惰导致了他的失败；也就是说，他的失败是由于他的懒惰。
5. In 1885, Hermann Ebbinghaus published a book called Memory and presented a famous
forgetting curve. 1885年，赫尔曼艾宾浩斯出版了《关于记忆》，提出了著名的遗忘曲线。
publish vt. & vi. 出版；发表；刊登
publish in English 用英语出版
publish under one’s real name 用真名发表
publisher n. 出版者
publication n. 出版；发表，公布；出版物
6. According to him, the sharpest loss of memory occurs during the very early period after
learning. 根据他的说法，最显著的遗忘 出现在学习之后的最初阶段。
1) according to 根据……
Everything went according to plan. 一切均按照计划进行。
2) sharp adj. 急剧的，猛烈的；尖的，锋利的
a sharp increase 急剧增加
sharp teeth 锋利的牙齿
have a sharp tongue 说话刻薄
be sharp with sb 对某人严厉；对某人说话尖刻
He was sharp with me when I was late. 我迟到时，他对我很严厉。
7. So take it easy. You are at a good age in terms of your memory. Make good use of it! 所以不要
紧张。在记忆力方面你正处在好的年龄，要充分利用这一点！
take it easy 放轻松
Take it easy. Amy, I’ll help you out. 不要着急。艾米，我来帮你。
take back 收回(说错的话)
take one’s time 别着急；慢慢来
take in 欺骗；领会；吸收；理解
8. At that point, we can remember up to 200 pieces of information in a second. 此时，我们可以在
一秒钟内记住多达200条信息。
up to 多达；直到；能胜任
一词多义：
1) (数量或数目)多达；
2) 直到(某个时刻或日期)；如：up to now 直到现在
3) 能胜任；如：be up to the important job 胜任这一重要工作
4) 正在做(秘密或不该做的事)；如：be up to writing a novel 正在写小说
5) 由……决定；是某人的义务；如：be up to you 由你决定
9. 主谓一致
主谓一致是指谓语动词在人称和数上必须与主语保持一致。主谓一致主要有三个原则：语
法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近一致原则。
一、语法一致原则是指主语和谓语在语法形式上保持一致：主语是单数形式，谓语动词也
用单数形式；主语是复数形式，谓语动词也用复数形式。
1) 可数名词单数/不可数名词+单数谓语；可数名词复数+复数谓语。
Jim and Mary are specialists in cancer research. 吉姆和玛丽是癌症研究方面的专家。
2) 单个的不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。当
what引导的主语从句表示复数概念时，谓语动词用复数。
What he said is true and what we badly need are good teachers.
他说的是真的，我们迫切需要的是好老师。
Staring at someone is impolite. 盯着别人看是不礼貌的。
3) 主语后跟with/together with/along with/like/ in addition to/as well as/including/rather
than/besides/except/but 等连接的词语时，谓语动词与前面的主语保持一致。
Steve, together with his wife, is moving off tonight. 史蒂夫和他的妻子今晚动身。
The teacher as well as the students likes this painting. 老师和学生都喜欢这幅画。
4) each, either, neither及some-, any-, no-, every-+单数谓语。
each…and (each)…, every…and (every)…, no…and (no)…+单数谓语。
Believe it or not, everyone here has a gift for music.
信不信由你，这里的每个人都有音乐天赋。
No teacher and no student is listening to the lecture now.
现在没有老师也没有学生在听讲座。
5) many a/more than one+可数名词单数+单数谓语。
Many a student was on the spot when the accident happened.
事故发生时，许多学生都在现场。
More than one person is against the proposal. 不止一个人反对这项提议。
6) one of+可数名词复数+单数谓语。
One of these students is from America. 这些学生中有一个是美国人。
注意：one of+可数名词复数+定语从句(复数谓语)
the only/very one of+可数名词复数+定语从句(单数谓语)
He is one of the students who are fond of country music. 他是喜欢乡村音乐的学生之一。
He is the only one of the students who has a gift for the performance.
他是这些学生中唯一有表演天赋的人。
7) trousers, pants, shoes, glasses, scissors 等+复数谓语。当这类名词前有pair修饰时，要根
据pair的单复数来确定谓语的单复数。
Her glasses bought in the supermarket are nice. 她在超市买的眼镜很漂亮。
This pair of scissors belongs to the tailor. 这把剪刀是裁缝的。
二、意义一致原则是指从意义上着眼来解决主谓一致问题。有时主语在形式上并非复数，
但有复数意义，谓语动词便用复数形式；反之，主语在形式上是复数，而在意义上可视为
单数，谓语动词也用单数。
1) 集体名词(表整体概念)+单数谓语；集体名词(强调个体)+复数谓语。常用的集体名词有
army, audience, class, club, company, committee, family, group, party, public, team,
organization, government等。
The class are studying English now. 这个班正在学习英语。
The Chinese people is a great people. 中华民族是一个伟大的民族.
注意：有生命的集体名词(people, police等)+复数谓语。无生命的集体名词(clothing,
furniture equipment等)+单数谓语。
The police are looking into the accident. 警方正在调查这起事故。
All the furniture has been moved to another room. 所有的家具都搬到了另一个房间。
2) 由and 或both…and连接的两个名词或代词后跟复数谓语。当and连接的两个名词在
意义上指同一人/物/事/概念时，谓语动词用单数形式。这时and后的名词前不加冠词。
Both Mark and I are students. 我和马克都是学生。
The singer and dancer is welcomed warmly by the local people.
这位歌手兼舞蹈家受到当地人民的热烈欢迎。
3) “all/most/half/plenty/some/the rest +of + 名词/代词” 或 “分数/百分数 +of +名词/代
词”作主语时，谓语动词常与of后的名词或代词保持数的一致。
The rest of the money is locked in the safe. 其余的钱都锁在保险柜里了。
Fifty percent of the students have passed the exam. 百分之五十的学生通过了考试。
4) a number of +可数名词复数 +复数谓语；the number of +可数名词复数 +单数谓语。
a large quantity of/large quantities of 后跟不可数名词或可数名词复数，谓语动词与
quantity的数保持一致。
The number of people invited was fifty, but a number of them were absent for different
reasons. 被邀请的有五十人，但许多人由于种种原因没有来。
Quantities of food (nuts) were on the table. 桌上有大量的食物(坚果)。
5) none(指代可数名词) +单数/复数谓语；none(指代不可数名词) +单数谓语。
None of the money in the drawer is mine.抽屉里的钱没有一分钱是我的。
None of the boys was/were invited to the party. 男孩子中没有一个被邀请参加晚会。
6) 表示时间、金钱、距离、重量等的复数名词 +单数谓语。
Twenty years is a long time. 二十年是一段很长的时间。
7) 以-s结尾的书刊名、组织名、国家名以及以 -ics结尾的学科名 +单数谓语。
The United Nations is a world organization. 联合国是一个世界性组织。
8) 单复数同形的名词作主语时，谓语动词的形式要根据意义确定。常见的这类词有sheep,
deer, fish, crossroads, means, series等。
Every possible means has been tried. 每一种可能的方法都试过了。
All possible means have been tried. 所有可能的方法都试过了。
9) “the+形容词/分词”表示一类人时，后跟复数谓语；表示抽象概念时，后跟单数谓语。
The rich are for the decision but the poor are against it.
富人支持这一决定，但穷人反对。
Everyone agrees the beautiful is not always useful. 每个人都同意美丽并不总是有用的。
三、就近一致原则是指谓语动词的人称和数与最近的主语保持一致。
1) 由or, either…or…, nor, neither…nor…, whether…or…, not only…but also…, not…but…
等连接的名词作主语时，谓语动词的数与最近的主语保持一致。
Neither the students nor the teacher knows the reason why she behaved strangely.
学生们和老师都不知道她行为怪异的原因。
2) there be句型中，be动词的单复数与最靠近它的名词保持一致。
There is a pen, two pencils and three books on the desk.
书桌上有一支钢笔，两支铅笔和三本书。
There are six boys and one girl on the playground. 操场上有六个男孩和一个女孩。
10. What’s more, it is amazing to know how a person’s memory changes with age. 而且，知道人
的记忆如何随着年龄而改变，这真的很神奇。
it是形式主语，真正的主语是不定式短语to know how…；how引导的是宾语从句。
what’s more 并且，此外
What’s more, he was one of the greatest football players in the world.
而且，他是世界上最伟大的足球运动员之一。
11. Getting to know the secrets of our memory means learning not only the facts about it, but also
the ways to improve it. 了解我们记忆的秘密意味着不仅要了解有关它的事实，还要了解
提升它的方法。
Getting to know the secrets of our memory是动名词短语作句子主语，谓语动词mean用单
数means。to improve it是不定式短语作定语，修饰the ways。
mean doing sth 意味着做某事
mean to do sth 打算做某事
Summer is the perfect time to catch up on the new books you meant to read.
夏天是补看想读的新书的最佳时间。
not only…but also… 不仅……而且……
She not only plays well, but also sings well. 她不仅乐器玩得好，而且歌也唱得好。
12. Moreover, I must also learn to do “spaced review”, especially during the first day after
learning. 此外，我也必须学会做“间隔复习”，特别是在学习后的第一天。
moreover adv. 此外，而且
=in addition/besides/furthermore/what’s more
I don’t like skating; moreover, the ice is too thin. 我不喜欢滑冰；而且，这冰也太薄了。
13. In addition, it is important for me to make plans for the work I need to do. 此外，对我来说，
为我需要做的工作制定计划很重要。
it是形式主语，for me to make plans…为不定式的复合结构，作真正的主语；I need to do
是定语从句，修饰先行词the work，省略了关系代词that或which。
It’s+adj.+of/for+sb+to do sth
1) 动词不定式的复合结构构成：of/for+名词/代词宾格+to do sth
2) 形容词侧重评价人物特征，用of，常用的形容词有kind, nice, foolish, silly, stupid, rude,
cruel, wise, clever, brave, polite。
I think it’s cruel of you to make them do tricks. 我认为你让它们表演杂耍很残忍。
3) 形容词侧重评价事，用for，常用的形容词有impossible, necessary, difficult, easy,
important。
It is necessary for us to examine this claim before we go on any further.
在我们进一步进行之前，我们有必要研究一下这种说法。
14. I’ve found it difficult to make friends here. 我发现在这里很难交朋友。
该句是“find+it+adj.+to do”结构，其中it是形式宾语，后面的不定式是真正的宾语，it
后的形容词作宾补。
常用于“动词+it+宾补+真正的宾语” 结构中的动词有find, think, believe, make, consider,
feel；宾补有两种形式：名词和形容词；真正的宾语有三种形式：不定式、动名词和从
句。
例如：
He considered it his duty to go to the front.他认为上前线是他的责任。
I think it no use complaining about it. 我认为抱怨这件事是没有用的。
George made it clear what he wanted. 乔治说得很清楚他想要什么。
15. In places like Japan, boys and girls read for enjoyment at an almost identical level… 在像日
本这样的地方，男孩和女孩在几乎相同的水平上阅读以获得乐趣……
dentical adj. 完全相同的；非常相似的
be identical to/with… 与……完全相同
Her dress is almost identical to/with mine. 她的连衣裙和我的几乎一模一样。
16. …the low numbers of boys reading for enjoyment and their limited choices when they do, is
evidence of an issue that needs to be addressed. ……喜欢阅读的男孩的数量少，他们的选择
有限，表明这是一个需要解决的问题。
evidence n. [U] 证据，证明
There is evidence that… 有证据表明…… (that引导同位语从句)
There is evidence that smoking may cause cancer and other diseases.
有证据表明，吸烟可能会导致癌症和其他疾病。
evident adj. 明显的
evidently adv. 明显地
It is evident that… 很明显……
It is evident that the education of the young is vital to the future of a country.
很明显，年轻人的教育对一个国家的未来是至关重要的。
17. Countries need to think about ways to inspire interest for boys in reading and ensure that they
are exposed to a wide variety of different types of literature from a young age. 各国需要想办
法激发男孩对阅读的兴趣，并确保他们从小就接触到各种不同类型的文学作品。
expose vt. 使接触；使体验
be exposed to… 暴露于/接触/面临……
expose…to… 使……暴露于/接触/面临……
Being exposed to sunlight for too much time will do harm to one’s skin.
长时间暴露在阳光下对皮肤有害。
We want to expose the kids to as much art and culture as possible.
我们想让孩子们受到尽可能多的艺术和文化熏陶。
18. The PISA study has helped show a clear pattern in genders when it comes to reading. 在阅读
方面，PISA的研究帮助显示了一个清晰的性别方面的模式。
when it comes to 当提到……时；当涉及……时，该固定句型中，to为介词，后面可接名
词、代词、动名词或名词性从句。
when it comes to sth 当提及某事时
when it comes to doing sth 当提及做某事时
Katherine is no fool when it comes to money. 一谈到钱，凯瑟琳就不是傻瓜。
When it comes to dealing with those problems, he is useless.
当涉及到处理那些问题时，他是无用的。
When it comes to what happened yesterday, we feel pleased about that.
说到昨天发生的事，我们感到很高兴。
19. Fortunately, studies such as PISA provide clear evidence that can be acted on to improve
outcomes for all young people. 幸运的是，像PISA这样的研究提供了明确的证据，可以
采取行动改善所有年轻人的结果。
outcome n. 结果，后果
a successful outcome 一个圆满的结果
the outcome of the debate 辩论的结果
final outcome 最终的结果
